Japon Profil du Membre
Situation concernant les notifications au cours de la période considérée
2010-2012
2012-2014
2014-2016
2016-2018
2018-2020
2020-2022
2022-2024
2024-2026
Renseignements sur la notification
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Japon
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15/11/2024
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2024-2026
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Japon
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10/01/2023
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2022-2024
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Japon
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30/09/2020
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2020-2022
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Japon
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28/09/2018
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2018-2020
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Japon
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30/09/2016
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2016-2018
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Japon
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15/01/2015
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2014-2016
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Japon
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22/01/2013
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2012-2014
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Types de restrictions
Toutes les périodes biennales et toutes les notifications
Top 10 des chapitres du SH notifiés
Toutes les périodes biennales et toutes les notifications
Top 10 des justifications de l'OMC notifiées
Toutes les périodes biennales et toutes les notifications
Top 10 des engagements non-OMC notifiés
Toutes les périodes biennales et toutes les notifications
Détails de la RQ
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Examen de politique commerciale
Dernier examen de politique commerciale (Rapport du Secrétariat de l'OMC): WT/TPR/S/438/Rev.1
A. Prohibitions et restrictions à l'importation et licences d'importation
3.47.
Import quotas for marine products are determined on an annual basis taking into consideration the balance of domestic supply and demand.[85] The METI is responsible for determining quota volumes, based on consent from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), and for administering the import quota system. Announcements published in the Official Bulletin of Economy, Trade and Industry and the International Trade Bulletin specify quota volumes and application procedures.
3.46.
Goods subject to import quotas are set out in Public Notice No. 170, 1966, of the METI, as last amended by Public Notice No. 101 of 2022.[83] Products subject to import quotas are (i) certain marine products (see below); and (ii) controlled substances listed in Group I and II of Annex F (HFCs) of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.[84] With respect to the latter, the list of these controlled substances was adopted at the Montreal Protocol 28th Party Meeting held in October 2016. HFCs for which import restrictions came into effect on 1 January 2019 were added as controlled substances. According to the authorities, Japan uses import quotas that adhere to the WTO Agreements.
3.45.
Goods subject to import approvals under the Import Trade Control Order are set out in Table 3.4. When there are changes to the items on this list, they are published as an "import notice" in the Official Gazette. Import approvals are generally valid for six months.[82]
3.44.
Japan has notified its replies to the WTO questionnaire on import licensing procedures for 2018 and 2017.[80] Japan has also notified a new import licensing requirement for certain mercury and mercury-added products; this is to implement the Minamata Convention on Mercury (adopted in October 2013), which aims to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds.[81] During the review period, no issues were raised about Japan's import licensing regime by Members in the WTO's Committee on Import Licensing.
3.43.
Japan maintains "prior confirmation" and "customs clearance confirmation" systems, unchanged since the previous Review.
3.42.
Imposition of import approvals through Cabinet Order is prescribed in Article 52 of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act.[78] The implementing regulation in this regard is the Import Trade Control Order (last amended in 2003), under which the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) has the authority to (i) designate goods subject to import approval based on places of origin or places of shipment of goods as well as to approve imports of these goods; and (ii) designate goods subject to import quotas and approve imports of these goods.[79] The Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Act continues to, inter alia, impose penalties (both fines and administrative penalties) for violations of import and export control regulations.
3.41.
In 2022, Japan imposed an import ban on certain goods from the Russian Federation (e.g. machines, alcoholic beverages, and wood).[77]
3.40.
Import prohibitions are stipulated in several laws and regulations: (i) the Industrial Safety and Health Act mentions that it is prohibited to import substances that cause significant impairments to workers' health, and that are specified by Cabinet Order; (ii) under the Act on the Prevention of Infectious Diseases and Medical Care for Patients with Infectious Diseases (the Infectious Diseases Control Law), Japan prohibits importing designated animals, such as raccoon dogs and bats, except when permission is obtained from the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare and the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Article 54). It also prohibits importing Class 1 Pathogens, such as Ebola virus, except for imports designated by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare as items that need to be procured from foreign countries (Article 56(4)); (iii) the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act prohibits importations of narcotics, psychotropics, and their raw materials; (iv) stimulants' raw materials are prohibited under the Stimulants Control Act; and (v) the importation of cannabis and opium is prohibited by the Cannabis Control Act and the Opium Control Act, respectively. Furthermore, no one may import any stimulants or other related drugs, except the persons who have licences and permits.
3.39.
Import prohibitions are contained in Article 69-11 of the Customs Act.[76] These include certain drugs; arms; explosives; chemicals; pathogens; forged/altered money, bank notes, revenue stamps, and postal stamps; books, drawings, carvings etc. detrimental to public security or corrupting of public morals; child pornography; intellectual property (IP) infringing goods; and goods produced using unlawfully obtained trade secrets (as stipulated in the Unfair Competition Prevention Act). Exceptions to some of these import prohibitions apply to persons authorized to import such items under domestic laws/regulations or international treaties. During the review period, Japan expanded the scope of IP infringing goods that are subject to import prohibitions (Section 3.3.7.13).
B. Prohibitions et restrictions à l'exportation
3.69.
In accordance with the Foreign Exchange Order, the METI may require permission to transfer outside Japan certain technologies (to certain destinations).[107] In response to the war in Ukraine, Japan has banned transferring technologies related to the export measures (Section 3.2.3.1).
3.70.
Japan does not maintain any export quotas.
3.60.
During the review period, there were no changes to the list of goods subject to export prohibitions. Under the Customs Act, export prohibitions apply to a limited range of products including narcotics and certain other drugs; child pornography; articles that infringe intellectual property rights (IPRs); and certain articles that constitute unfair competition under the Unfair Competition Prevention Act (essentially related to IPRs as well).[95]
3.68.
Conditions for obtaining an export licence have remained unchanged since the previous Review.[106] Time required for issuing the licence is specified depending on each regulation.
3.67.
Under the Export Trade Control Order, approval from the METI may be required to export certain goods and exports of certain goods to certain destinations.[101] The prior approval of the MAFF is also required, or permission must be obtained under other laws/regulations, in a few cases.[102] Several controlled products/destinations may reflect Japan's international commitments or non‑binding arrangements.[103] Others may relate to export restrictions contained in other domestic laws/regulations.[104] Specific goods subject to import licensing requirements are listed in several tables appended to the Order.[105]
3.66.
In Japan, a bulk export licence system, which consists of several types of licences including General Bulk Licences, Special Bulk Licences, Specific Bulk Licences, Specific Bulk Licences for Returns, etc., and Specific Bulk Licences for Subsidiaries, simplifies the licensing procedures by allowing licensees to make multiple exports of controlled items under certain conditions related to classification, destinations, and end-use.[99] A bulk export licence may not be used, however, for exports to or via the countries that are subject to UN arms embargoes. The validity of a licence is three years from the date of issue; it can be extended for another three years when applied for and approved by the METI.[100]
3.65.
The legal bases for applying export licensing requirements are found in, inter alia, the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act.
3.64.
Unchanged since the previous Review, the Trade and Economic Cooperation Bureau in the METI is responsible for export control policy and legislation as well as participation in international export control discussions and negotiations.
3.2.3.2
Export restrictions and licensing
3.63.
Reflecting on the war in Ukraine, Japan imposed export measures against the Russian Federation and Belarus.[98]
3.62.
In April 2021, Japan extended a prohibition, until 2023, on all exports to (and imports from) the Democratic People's Republic of Korea; this was implemented under Article 48(3) of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act[96], which requires that exporters must obtain export approval from the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry.[97]
3.61.
In January 2020, the following changes were made to the (list of) goods/technologies subject to export control, in accordance with agreements of international export control regimes. Detonation engine, masks, and reticles specially designed for manufacturing optical sensors were added, while the specially designed components, controls, and accessories for "Numerically controlled" or manual machine tools specially designed for manufacturing gears were deleted from the list. "Fluorocarbon electronic cooling fluids" were changed to "Fluorocarbon fluids designed for electronic cooling", and electrically triggered shutters were removed from the list.
Base de données sur l'environnement de l'OMC (BDE)
La BDE contient des mesures relatives à l'environnement qui peuvent être considérées comme des RQ et qui devraient donc être notifiées au titre de la Décision sur les restrictions quantitatives.
Voir les mesures relatives à l'environnement prise par le Membre