Turquía Perfil del Miembro
Situación de las notificaciones correspondientes al período sobre el que se informa
2010-2012
2012-2014
2014-2016
2016-2018
2018-2020
2020-2022
2022-2024
2024-2026
Información sobre la notificación
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Turquía
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03/03/2023
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2022-2024
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Turquía
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16/11/2021
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2020-2022
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Turquía
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04/10/2021
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2018-2020
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Turquía
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08/04/2021
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2018-2020
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Turquía
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30/10/2019
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2018-2020
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Turquía
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30/09/2012
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2012-2014
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Tipos de restricciones
Todos los períodos bienales y todas las notificaciones
Top 10 de los capítulos del HS notificados
Todos los períodos bienales y todas las notificaciones
Top 10 de las justificaciones de la OMC notificadas
Todos los períodos bienales y todas las notificaciones
Top 10 de los compromisos no OMC notificados
Todos los períodos bienales y todas las notificaciones
Detalles de la restricción cuantitativa
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Examen de las políticas comerciales
Último Examen de las Políticas Comerciales (Informe de la Secretaría de la OMC) WT/TPR/S/439/Rev.1
A. Importación prohibiciones, restricciones y licencias de importación
3.51.
Import prohibitions apply to various products for reasons of health, environment, compliance with domestic law, security, and public morals (Table 3.11). Over the review period, some of the strict prohibitions on wastes and persistent organic pollutants were revised and certain previously prohibited wastes were allowed under certain licensing or other specific requirements.
3.52.
Türkiye applies all UN trade sanctions. With respect to EU trade sanctions, Türkiye may or may not apply them, as they are not binding on Türkiye. As indicated by the authorities, there are no import prohibitions targeting specific countries, outside of UN trade sanctions.
3.53.
Importers must be licensed by the Department of Tobacco and Alcoholic Drinks within the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to import alcohol. Only members of the Borsa Istanbul Precious Metals Market may import unwrought precious metals. Importers of rough diamonds must be authorized by the Ministry of Treasury and Finance (MoTF) in accordance with the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. Importers must obtain a control certificate to import pharmaceuticals, certain organic chemicals, vaccines for humans and animals, chemicals used in cleaning and the food industry; hormones; and certain animals, animal products, and plant materials for production.[164] Import licensing (certification) requirements for consignments of goods subject to import surveillance are set out in Section 3.1.1.1.
3.54.
Türkiye's latest notification of its import licensing procedures was submitted in September 2022.[165] As previously, import licensing applies to certain goods to enforce compliance with international conventions, for national security, or for public/worker safety (Table 3.12).
B. Exportación prohibiciones y restricciones
3.73.
Türkiye's Export Regime Decree (No. 95/7623) stipulates that all goods can be freely exported other than those whose exportation is explicitly prohibited by laws, decrees, and international agreements. Nevertheless, the Decree also authorizes the Ministry of Trade to impose restrictions or prohibitions on exports. Other relevant public authorities are also authorized to make decisions regarding the export regime and must obtain the opinion of the Ministry of Trade. Export prohibitions notified to the WTO are largely unchanged. They are in place for reasons of environment, health, and protection of national treasures, and to comply with Türkiye's commitments under international conventions. They are contained in various laws and regulations (Table A3.3).
3.74.
In addition, in recent years both the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (through a temporary authorization to regulate the export of certain agricultural products for food security purposes[188]) and the Ministry of Trade have imposed export bans on certain products, largely to stabilize domestic prices of agricultural products. These bans include the following: · An export ban on butter introduced in April 2022 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. This was followed by the introduction of temporary export permission between June and September 2022 with no limitation on the export amount or eligible exporters. · A prudential suspension introduced by the Ministry of Trade in March 2022, upon the request of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, on the export of imported grains, oil seeds, cooking oils, and some other agricultural commodities held in bonded warehouses; this suspension was lifted shortly after it was imposed. · A temporary ban on the exports of olive oil, beans, and lentils from 26 February 2022 until end‑2022 issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Export restrictions on olive oil were removed on 7 July 2022.[189] · A temporary ban on the exports of soyabean oil, sunflower seed oil, vegetable fats and oils, and margarine from 9 March 2022 until end‑2022 issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Restrictions on soybean oil, vegetable fats and oils, and margarine were lifted by 29 August 2022.[190] · A temporary ban on bulk olive oil issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on 11 March 2021. The ban was lifted on 27 July 2021. · A ban on certain forage products issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (for hay on 23 May 2021 and for alfalfa on 26 August 2020). This is implemented by the non-issuance of export licences for an indefinite period; although in theory licences can be issued periodically.[191] · A ban on the exports of wheat flour from domestically produced grain imposed by the Ministry of Trade in September 2018. The objective was to ensure stability in domestic flour prices, protect Turkish consumers, and prevent speculation; it was intended to be a temporary measure.[192] According to the authorities, there was a short period in 2018 when a quota was implemented.
3.75.
Türkiye maintains export quotas on eels and medicinal leeches in accordance with its commitments under the CITES Convention. The quotas are adjusted annually by the General Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture within the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.[193] In 2022, the quota for eels was 100,000 kg and for medicinal leeches, 1,500 kg.[194]
3.76.
Export licences are still required for 26 categories of goods under various legal/regulatory instruments. Export licensing requirements apply to all trading partners and most are non-automatic (Table A3.4). As at the time of Türkiye's previous Review, many are agriculture-related as required by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Developments over the review period included changes to the responsible ministries in some cases and the introduction and removal of non-automatic export licensing requirements in 2020 on lemons, onions and potatoes[195], personal protective equipment[196], and certain medical equipment and devices.[197]
3.77.
Türkiye's Inward Processing Regime allows the import of raw materials and inputs to be imported without the payment of customs duties and other taxes if they are used for or incorporated into exported products.[198] There remain two kinds of inward processing types: (i) suspension (temporary imports without payment of import duties under a security bond); and (ii) drawback (refund of import duties when products are exported).
3.78.
The Ministry of Trade and the Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM) continue to pursue the actions contained in the Exports Strategy of Türkiye for 2023.[199] This aims to support a modern and flexible export structure that is based on advanced technology and R&D to respond to the demands of the current and future business environment. Some of the goals of the strategy include export‑orientated growth; diversifying exports by countries and products; prioritizing products based on research and development (R&D), innovation, high tech, and/or high value-added; enhancing the export capacity of SMEs; increasing the number of global Turkish brands in the world; and improving the logistics facilities of Türkiye. In addition, the Ministry of Trade prepared an e‑Export Strategy and Action Plan (2018-2020) that contains various strategic aims designed to make e-export easier and more accessible for exporters. These include enhancing logistical capacity, enhancing customs procedures related to the requirements of cross-border e-commerce, ensuring product security and auditing capabilities related to cross‑border e-commerce, enhancing the competitiveness of domestic firms carrying out e‑commerce activities, ensuring that micro entrepreneurs develop into e‑exporters, and participating in international collaborations aimed at enhancing e-export activities.[200]
3.79.
The Ministry of Trade continues to offer services to help exporters. New initiatives taken over the review period include the launch of an "Easy Export Platform" that provides intelligence to exporters on market opportunities and export processes and other services[201], and incentives under Presidential Decision No. 5986 on e-export supports including for B2C marketplace promotion and fulfilment services.[202] In addition, the Ministry is developing a Türkiye E-export Platform that will help existing exporters switch to the digital environment and help make Turkish exporters easily accessible to importers abroad.[203]
3.80.
Other support programmes provided by the Ministry of Trade, either on its own or in conjunction with the exporters' unions, in place at the time of Türkiye's previous Review are: (i) support to companies and producers/manufacturers organizations to participate in fairs abroad with support ranging between 50% and 75% of the approximate total cost; (ii) support for companies in the certification process relating to foreign market access certificates to ensure compliance with technical legislation regarding the environment, quality, and human health, and support for companies' licensing and registration costs in the medical sector (50% of expenses); (iii) overseas store, brand, and promotion support for companies operating units in foreign countries for marketing products produced in Türkiye (50% of advertising costs; 40%‑50% of rent of companies operating a store abroad and 50% of fees for the registration of trademarks; (iv) market research and market access support to increase market share in traditional markets (50% of foreign market research trips; 50% of costs for buying market research reports; 50% of costs for financial and legal due diligence costs for mergers and acquisitions as well as for the acquisitions of brands abroad; and 50% of costs for participating in sectoral trade missions abroad and in procurement committee programs); (v) support for needs analysis, training/consulting and promotional activities to improve international competitiveness through clustering (75% of project-based common activities organized by cooperation organizations); (vi) promotion of designer companies abroad (50% of consultancy fees, rental fees, advertising costs, and certification expenses, and for the registration of trademarks); and (vii) support to encourage technical consultancy companies to operate abroad (at least 50% of rental fees; advertising; market research projects; and participation fees for fairs, conferences, exhibitions, training programmes, and professional competitions); and the TURQUALITY programmes (see below).
3.81.
With respect to supporting Turkish services exports, the Ministry of Trade continues to provide support through its Foreign Exchange Earning Support for Trade in Services programme first implemented in 2012; the programme was updated in 2022.[204] State support is provided for health and sports services, informatics, film-TV series and cultural services, education, management consultancy, green services, publishing, organization of fairs, logistics, gastronomy, accommodation, and other business services. Successful applicants are eligible for the State to cover 50%-70% of a company's market-access‑related expenses, office rent, office set-up costs, certification, advertising and marketing activities, fair organizations, and various expenses (participation in national and international events and trade committees as well as staffing and reporting costs). The maximum amount of support and the number of years a company is supported depend on the type of expense and the sector.
3.82.
In addition, the Ministry of Trade and TIM are responsible for implementing TURQUALITY, the country's national branding programme designed to facilitate and support Turkish brands in international markets, through funding provided through two main support programmes: "Marka" and "TURQUALITY®". Successful applicants are eligible for the State to cover 50% of a company's development roadmap, and 50% of the following expenses: patents, promotional materials, office rent, office set-up costs, certification, showcase and showroom rent, franchise fees, consulting fees, and staffing costs. The maximum amount of support and the number of years that a company is supported depend on the type of expense and the programme. As at mid‑October 2022, there were 32 brands, with 303 companies participating.
3.83.
The chambers of commerce, the Foreign Economic Relations Board of Türkiye (DEIK), and the TIM also continue to play a pivotal role in supporting and promoting Turkish exports. Initiatives taken over the review period included the launch by TIM of a Türkiye Logistics Portal in 2021, which provides a data link between exporters and freight companies, facilitating transactions between the two; the implementation of an "Export Radar" service (https://www.ihracatpusulasi.org.tr), which provides exporters with a database for finding target markets; and the launch of a telephone hotline called "ALO" through which TIM can respond to questions from its members regarding foreign trade.
3.84.
Türkiye continues to provide export subsidies for certain agricultural products (Section 4.2.1).
Base de Datos sobre Medio Ambiente (BDMA) de la OMC
La BDMA contiene medidas relacionadas con el medio ambiente que pueden considerarse RC, las cuales, por lo tanto, deben notificarse con arreglo a la Decisión sobre las restricciones cuantitativas.
Ver las medidas relacionadas con el medio ambiente adoptadas por el Miembro